xxii

Contents

List of Abbreviations

418

References

418

28

Bioconversion of Food Waste to Wealth – Circular

Bioeconomy Approach

421

Rajam Ramasamy and Parthasarathi Subramanian

28.1

Introduction

421

28.2

Circular Bioeconomy

422

28.3

Food Waste Management Current Practices

424

28.4

Techniques for Bioconversion of Food Waste Toward Circular

Bioeconomy Approach

425

28.4.1

Anaerobic Digestion

425

28.4.1.1

Factors Influencing Anaerobic Digestion

427

28.4.2

Microbial Fermentation

429

28.4.3

Enzymatic Treatment

431

28.4.3.1

Enzyme Immobilization Technology

434

28.5

Conclusion

435

References

435

29

Zero-Waste Biorefineries for Circular Economy

439

Puneet K. Singh, Pooja Shukla, Sunil K. Verma, Snehasish Mishra, and

Pankaj K. Parhi

29.1

Introduction

439

29.2

Bioenergy, Bioeconomy, and Biorefineries

440

29.3

Bioeconomic Strategies Around the World

443

29.3.1

Malaysia

444

29.3.2

Brazil

444

29.3.3

United States

444

29.3.4

Canada

444

29.3.5

Germany

444

29.3.6

European Union

445

29.3.7

Scenario of Bioeconomy in India

445

29.4

Challenging Factors and Impact on Bioeconomy

445

29.5

Effect of Increased CO2 Concentration, Sequestration, and Circular

Economy

447

29.6

Carbon Sequestration in India

447

29.7

Methods for CO2 Capture

448

29.7.1

Scenario 1. Photosynthetic Bacterial Model for CO2 Sequestration

448

29.7.2

Scenario 2. Biochar Model for CO2 Sequestration

448

29.7.3

Scenario 3. Biofuels

449

29.7.4

Biological-Based Methods to Capture CO2

449

29.7.4.1

Photosynthetic Model

449

29.7.4.2

Substrate in Biorefinery and Carbon Management

449

29.8

Conclusion and Future Approach

451

References

452